 ...An Exact Classical Mechanics leads toward Quantum Gravitation... Contents
1.0 IntroductionNewton's classical mechanics are only applicable at speeds low compared with that of light and so have to be regarded as inexact. Einstein developed what physicists consider to be an exact alternative in his theories of relativity and these have become established. For over sixty years, however, theoreticians have been trying to match Einstein's general relativity, his theory of gravitation, to quantum theory: they have not succeeded. Worse still, a clever analysis by H. Aspden(1) of the interferometer experiments of Brillet and Hall(2) have shown that absolute speeds can be measured: something which the postulate of special relativity forbids! This apparatus, unwittingly, included a novel feature which Aspden showed to be responsible for what the experimenters considered a "persistent anomaly". They were actually measuring the surface speed of the Earth about its axis and the latter, as will be shown, was co-moving with a background fluid, something incompatible with relativity theory. It seems prudent, therefore, to return to Newtonian concepts and revise them to remove false aspects. The changes need to lead to a theory which replicates all the achievements claimed to be unique to both classical theories of relativity. They also need to match up with quantum theory at appropriate interfaces. This pamphlet summarises part of a study which began in 1984 after an article had appeared in New Scientist by Professor Tryon(14). He proposed that, since gravitational potential energy was negative, it could balance the mass-energy of the universe. Then everything could have arisen ex-nihilo. However, this depended on taking the datum for gravitation at infinity, merely because this was customary. Clearly the mass-energy would remain at infinity where the gravitational energy had been fixed as zero: so completely invalidating the concept. If such a simple misconception had been accepted, as it had, by the system of peer-review, then clearly a close look at other aspects of classical mechanics needed to be initiated. A number of other misconceptions were soon discovered and it is the aim of this presentation to highlight some of these and offer, for the critic, what appear to be paradox-free alternatives.
It should be noted that in previous publications by this author(6,7,8,9,10&11) a modified background substrate had always to exist. To differentiate it from other concepts, such as space, quantum vacuum, ether or aether, it has been called the "nuether". Unfortunately this has been found too clumsy and so the name has now been changed to "i-ther", pronounced eye-ther and short for "intelligent ether". That it has the potential to evolve a conscious intelligence has already been justified in previous publications(7,8,10&11). It comprises a seething mixture of primary particles to be called, "primaries" and this replaces the name "cosmons" used previously(7).
In these publications, the i-ther was shown to have a simple basis assumed as the ultimate reality where electromagnetism gravitation and nuclear forces do not exist. The aether is generated by waves from the i-ther to produce the observed complexity, matter and the four forces of nature.
The new approach, to be presented, is steadily gaining acceptance by physicists. It has been peer-reviewed by the Russian Academy of Sciences and Arts and appeared in three publications of their conference proceedings two of which are quoted(9&10). A further 4,500 word article by this author(11) has also appeared in the scientific journal "Frontier Perspectives". This received a commendation from the editor.
A start will be made by extending Newtonian physics to replace special relativity. The critic should note that the resolution of problems to do with the null result of the Michelson and Morley experiment will appear late in the derivation. This experiment was responsible for discrediting the idea that an all-pervading medium, called "ether", existed. Michelson himself never agreed with this deduction. |
